Old North United Methodist Church
Thursday, February 23, 2012
To make disciples of Jesus Christ for the Transformation of the World

 

 This travel log describes the sacred sites our pastor, Mike Monahan, hopes to visit during his four month renewal journey.  The log contents are contributed by members of the Old North congregation.  Pastor Mike will return to the pulpit, Sunday, October 2.

 

Pastor Mike's Renewal Journey

June 1- September 27, 2011
 
 
 
Taize’, France
June 5 - June 11
submitted by Bob Working
 
 
     Brother Mike begins his renewal journey by visiting Taize', France and the church located there. First, Taize' is a rural sleepy hamlet located in the Macconaise, Burgundy, in southeastern France close to the Swiss border. Almost everything in Taize' is related to the church which is called “The Priory Church of Reconciliation”. In the immediate vicinity of the church are various campsites/dormitory blocks for those staying at Taize’. Outside of the church the area is mainly quiet and rural.
 
     The church is an ecumenical community founded in 1940 by Swiss-born Roger Schutz, better known as “Brother Roger”.   " Since my youth, I think that I have never lost the intuition that community life could be a sign that God is love, and love alone. Gradually the conviction took shape in me that it was essential to create a community with men determined to give their whole life and who would always try to understand one another and be reconciled, a communtiy where kindness of heart and simplicity would be at the centre of everything." During World War II the community sheltered refugees, especially Jews, fleeing Nazi-occupied France.  Since its founding, the abbey’s focus has been to engender a passion for the Church and to encourage those who visit Taize' to undertake a “A Pilgrimage of trust on earth”. Today the Taize' community is made up of over 100 brothers from more than 25 nations, and includes Roman Catholics as well as various Protestant backgrounds. In 2005, Brother Roger was stabbed to death in front of about 2,500 worshipers by a woman who had apparently been stalking him for some time.  
 
     Brother Alois replaced Brother Roger as Prior of the community and along with the other brothers serves as cantor throughout the services there.
 
     The priory church was built in 1962 by a group of German architects whose mission was to erect symbols of reconciliation in places of wartime suffering. From the outside, the church looks like a 1960s aircraft hangar with onion dome attachments. The building has been added to over a number of years and so there are distinct architectural styles. The floor is built on a slight slope, allowing those at the back a view of the sanctuary at the front. The décor is bright and colorful. The walls are adorned with icons and modern stained glass windows. The brothers sit in a central aisle, separated from the worshipers.
 
     Brother Mike will not be sitting for the worship services there since there are no pews. As I understand, everyone sits cross-legged on the floor or on a prayer stool. Doesn’t sound too comfortable but probably no one drifts off to sleep either. A typical service will have approximately 5,000 people attend from many different countries of the world.
 
     The purpose of the church is to renew and enliven people through the experience and take this renewal home to their own churches. God is great.
 
I got most of this information off the internet at a site called “Ship of Fools: The Mystery Worshipper” the address is
 
  
 
 
 
 
Normandy Beaches, France
June 12 - 13
submitted by Jerrianne Bonenberger
 
     Normandy Beach is located on the north coast of France bordering the English Channel.
 
     During WWII in the early morning hours of June 6, 1944, 175,000 allied troops began an invasion facing 10,000 German troops.  The invasion was known as "Operation Neptune". This date was chosen because of the full moon and higher than normal tides. Due to bad weather the invasion was almost cancelled but the decision was made to continue. The Germans were not expecting the invasion because of the inclement weather. Unfortunately the difficulties in navigation and rough seas caused the majority of landings to be missed resulting in heavy allied casualties.
 
     The beach was divided into five sectors: Omaha Beach, Juno, Sword, Gold Beach, and Utah Beach.
 
     General Eisenhower gave a now historic speech to the Allied Expeditionary force saying "You are about to embark upon the great crusade toward which we have striven these many months."
 
     The U.S. First Army established the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial on June 8, 1944 which sits on the cliffs overlooking Omaha Beach and the English Channel.  This was the first American cemetery established on European soil in WWII.  The cemetery covers 172.5 acres and has 9,387 graves.  The Walls of Missing Monument contains 1,557 names of missing soldiers. Rosettes mark those who have since been recovered and identified.
 
The total casualties and losses for the allied troops were over 10,000. 
 
 
 
 
 
Lincolnshire
between June 14 & 24
submitted by Patti Nickens  
 
 
 
 Lincolnshire is the largest county in the East Midlands of England and the birthplace of John Wesley.   Wesley was born in 1703 in Epworth just north of the capital, Lincoln (pop. 90,000) which isn't the largest population in the county but with its outstanding cathedral and Roman walls is certainly the most majestic.
 
Lincolnshire has some delightful market towns centered around the Lincolnshire wolds (a hilly or rolling area) such as Louth, Horncastle and Alford. Louth, Lincolnshire is known as the capital of the wolds and has many splendid Georgian houses, Inns and St. James church with the tallest church spire in England.
 
Lincolnshire has a deep routed connection with the Heritage of England. The capital, Lincoln, dates back to Roman times over 2000 years ago while many of the market towns such as Louth and Stamford still retain many fine Georgian properties from 19th century.
 
Lincolnshire is a rural area where the pace of life is generally much slower than in much of the United Kingdom. Due to the large distances between the towns, many villages have remained very self-contained. Most still have shops, pubs, local halls and local chapels and churches, offering a variety of social activities for residents.
 
Fishing, agriculture and tourism are the major sources of income for most. The majority of tourism in Lincolnshire relies on the coastal resorts and towns which lie to the east of the Lincolnshire Wolds. Skegness is a popular UK seaside destination and attracts many visitors. The wolds are quite popular for cycling and walking, with regular events such as the Lincolnshire Wolds Walking Festival
 
In addition to John Wesley, others who hale from Lincolnshire include Captain John Smith, Sir Isaac Walton, Alfred Lord Tennyson and Margaret Thatcher.
 
 
 
 
Salisbury, Wiltshire
between June 14 & 24
submitted by Nancy Temme
 
 
   
     Wiltshire, England is a relatively sparsely populated county with grassy uplands and vast rolling plains, and sleepy picture box villages like Castle Combe near Chippenham, which has won several awards for being the prettiest village in England, and Bradford-on Avon in the west close to Bath. Wiltshire is surrounded by the extremely picturesque counties of Somerset, Dorset, Hampshire, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire. Much of the county is agricultural and a very large part is devoted to pasture land.
 
     Salisbury, the county town, is particularly beautiful and dominated by its Cathedral and spire. The Cathedral is a medieval English Cathedral, having been built in just 38 years (1220 – 1258), in a single architectural style, early English Gothic. The tower and spire which is Britain’s tallest, were added about 50 years later. According the information on their website, “The building itself is remarkable, a testimony to the faith and practical skills of those who erected it. But it is much more than a historical monument. It is a living church and a place of prayer.”
 
     Wiltshire is also the home of some historic attractions –Splendid Longleat in Warminster – home to Lord Bath, Bowood - the magnificent family home of the Marquis and Marchioness of Lansdowne, Corsham Court – an English country house designed by Capability Brown and is notable for its fine art collection, Wilton House – an English country house given to the family of The Earl and Countess of Pembroke by King Henry VIII in 1544, Stourhead, an estate full of beautiful 17th century inspired gardens and one of the most famous prehistoric monuments in Britain, and the world, Stonehenge.
 
 
 
Chapel at City Road, London
between June 14 & 24
submitted by Lynn Penland
 
Wesley London Chapel at City Road
 
     Brief Synopsis – Wesley’s Chapel at City Road in London was the London base for Wesley’s work in the 1700s. Renovated and restored in the 1970s,  the Chapel is in full use today as the home of a thriving Methodist congregation in the heart of London. The Chapel holds worship services on Sunday morning and a full program of events throughout the week. The historical site includes a Wesley museum in the basement (crypt) of the Chapel, and John Wesley’s home, adjacent to the Chapel. All three entities are open to the public – including Mike Monahan!
 
The following information is excerpted from the Wesley Chapel website http://www.wesleyschapel.org.uk/index.htm. Additional information is available at that address.
 
 
Wesley's Chapel
 
     Wesley's Chapel was built in 1778 by John Wesley, the founder of Methodism. The Chapel was his London base. It was designed by the architect George Dance the Younger, who was then the surveyor to the City of London. Wesley described his Chapel as 'perfectly neat but not fine'. It is one of London's undiscovered architectural jewels. It is a fine example of Georgian architecture and a Grade I listed building [similar to the US National Register of Historic Places designation]. It was the first Methodist Church to be built specifically for the celebration of Holy communion as well as for preaching services.
In 1891 the Chapel was transformed to commemorate the centenary of Wesley’s death. Marble pillars were donated from Methodist Churches around the world to replace the original pillars made from wooden ships’ masts donated by George III. New pews were also added and the stained glass was installed around this period. In 1972 the Chapel was found to be structurally unsafe and had to be closed. On 1st November 1978, exactly 200 years after Wesley opened the Chapel, the restored building was re-opened in the presence of HM Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh.
 
Museum of Methodism (submitted by Lynn Penland)
 
     The Museum of Methodism was opened in 1984 in the Crypt of Wesley’s Chapel. It tells the history of Methodism from John Wesley to the present day and its contribution to shaping Britain’s political and social history. The museum holds one of the world's largest collections of Wesleyan ceramics and some of the finest Methodist paintings. Visitors can step back in time and stand in Wesley’s original pulpit.  
 
John Wesley's House (submitted by Lynn Penland)
 
      John Wesley’s house, adjacent to the Chapel, is one of London’s finest surviving examples of a small Georgian house. Built by Wesley in 1779, he lived here the last twelve winters of his life; in the summer months he would visit and preach to his Methodist societies round the country. The house also provided a home for the preachers of the Chapel, their families and servants. The house contains many of John Wesley's belongings and furniture, including his electrical machine and his study chair. His small Prayer Room is considered by Methodists all over the world to be the Power House of Methodism.
 
 
 
 
CHRIST’S COLLEGE CHAPEL
CAMBRIDGE, UNITED KINGDOM
between June 14 & 24
submitted by Jeannette Oakley
 
 
     Christ’s College is one of the Cambridge Colleges, a group of respected colleges and universities in the town of Cambridge. The college is nearly six centuries old, created in 1437 for training grammar school masters. Over the years. the college has been home to several notable scholars, most famously, Charles Darwin.
 
     The chapel itself was built in the 16th century, when the administrators of Christ’s College agreed that a space was needed to be set aside on the campus for quiet reflection, prayer, meditation or worship. The chapel is non-denominational and is not restricted to any particular ‘group’ or ‘faith’.  It is used every day for chapel services, by members of the college for private prayer, for stillness, and also for music practice. 
 
     The Christ’s College Chapel Choir also has a long and impressive history with 500 year old roots. It is a mixed-voice ensemble created to sing services in the College Chapel.  Choral Evensong is sung on Thursday and Sunday Evenings during the school year, and Choral Eucharist services take place on a less frequent basis. The Choir makes an important contribution to the life of the College, singing at feasts, weddings, memorial services and other occasions. In addition, the group also pursues an exciting range of activities outside of Christ’s College, performing concerts in Cambridge and around the UK, recording CDs, and performing on radio and television.
 
     Rev. Christopher Woods is the current chaplain of Christ’s College Chapel, and has been since 2007. In 2010, the chapel celebrated the 500th anniversary of its consecration in 1510. The chapel survived the Reformation and the Cromwellian era and has seen great changes, but the original chapel building is almost entirely intact and continues to be a spiritual presence at the heart of Christ’s College.
 
     Rev. Woods points out that the chapel is open and inclusive and a place of inquiry. “In fact, many people come to chapel on their own to take time out,” he adds, “and to gather strength, to find space, to pray and worship or simply to ‘get away from it all’.” He comments: “I say to first-year students: ‘Nowhere else in the world are you going to get such beauty at your fingertips, that you can own, that you can be a part of.’ Every time I walk in, I think how beautiful it is, and how privileged I am to be here.”
Hopefully, Pastor Mike will find peace and feel the presence of past generations of Christians as he sits in stillness at Christ’s College Chapel.
 
Contributed by Jeannette Oakley. Information gleaned from a variety of internet sources.
 
 
Trinity College in Cambridge, UK
 between June 14 & 24
submitted by Kim Salmon
 
     Mike most likely participated in the Choral Evensong service at Cambridge College Chapel.  The service is a candlelight service which has been sung regularly in the Chapel since the foundation of Cambridge College in the 1500's.  Evensong services are held at 6:15 pm  on Tuesdays and Thursdays.  Scriptures are the heart of the service with readings from both the Old and New Testaments.  The choir responds to God's word in the Psalms and Canticles.  Those in attendance participate by reciting the liturgy and hymn singing.  Aside from obviously worshipping in a special way, participants find an opportunity for stillness in the presence of God. 
 
     The pictures on the Google website really say so much more than what can be written down in this log.  The chapel has a beautiful pipe organ.  Trinity College Choir is a group of about 30 male and female undergraduate students.  The choir has been ranked fifth best choir in the world and is very accomplished in touring and recording opportunities.
 
     Cambridge College Chapel seems to offer services most every day of the week.  The website, www.trin.cam.ac.uk/index, also cited that several denominations use the chapel including the Christian Union, Roman Catholic Mass, Methodist Society, Taize,and the Progressive Jewish Society.
 
Cambridge, Lincoln College
 between June 14 & 24
submitted by Julie Vetter
 
     Cambridge Lincoln College is located on beautiful Turi Street in the heart of Oxford. It was founded in 1427 by Richard Fleming, bishop of Lincoln. Lincoln became the cradle of Methodism when John Wesley, a fellow there from 1726, held religious meetings with his brother Charles and others of the Wesley's 'Holy Club', the rest of the university took to calling 'Bible-moths'. His appearances at College became less frequent after he departed for Georgia as a Missionary chaplain in 1735.
 
     Indeed, he took to signing his publications as "John Wesley, Sometime Fellow of Lincoln College".  A portrait of him hangs in the Hall and a bust overlooks the front quad. The room where he is believed to have worked is also named after him and was renovated by American Methodists at the beginning of the 20th Century.
 
     Lincoln has continued its tradition of academic excellence for nearly 600 years thanks to the hard work of its students and Fellows who have included Lord Florey (developer of penicillin), Bernard Ashmole (famed archaeologist), novelist John le Carré Olympic gold medallist Stephanie Cook, and Theodore “ Dr. Seuss” Geisel and the generous support of its friends and alumni.
 
 
Canterbury Cathedral
 between June 14 & 24
submitted by Harriet Alley
 
 
     Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a World Heritage Site. It is the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury, leader of the Church of England and symbolic leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Its formal title is the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ at Canterbury.
 
History
 
     The cathedral's first archbishop was Augustine of Canterbury, previously abbot of St. Andrew's Benedictine Abbey in Rome. He was sent by Pope Gregory the Great in 597 as a missionary to the Anglo-Saxons. Augustine founded the cathedral in 602 and dedicated it to St. Saviour.
 
Martyrdom of Thomas Becket 
 
     A pivotal moment in the history of Canterbury Cathedral was the murder of Thomas Becket in the north-east transept on Tuesday 29 December 1170 by knights of King Henry II. The king had frequent conflicts with the strong-willed Becket and is said to have exclaimed in frustration, "Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?" The knights took it literally and murdered Becket in his own cathedral. Becket was the second of four Archbishops of Canterbury who were murdered.
 
     Following a disastrous fire of 1174 which destroyed the entire eastern end, William of Sens rebuilt the choir with an important early example of the Early English Gothic design, including high pointed arches, flying buttresses, and rib vaulting. Later, William the Englishman added the Trinity Chapel as a shrine for the relics of St. Thomas the Martyr. The Corona ('crown') Tower was built at the eastern end to contain the relic of the crown of St. Thomas's head which was struck off during his murder. Over time other significant burials took place in this area such as Edward Plantagenet (The 'Black Prince') and King Henry IV.
 
     The income from pilgrims (some of whose journeys are famously described in Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales") who visited Becket's shrine, which was regarded as a place of healing, largely paid for the subsequent rebuilding of the Cathedral and its associated buildings. This revenue included the sale of pilgrim badges depicting Becket, his martyrdom, or his shrine.
 
Bells
     The South West Tower (Oxford Tower) contains the cathedral’s main ring of bells, hung for change ringing in the English style. There are fourteen bells – a ring of twelve with two semi-tones, which allow for ringing on ten, eight or six bells while still remaining in tune. All of the bells were cast in 1981 by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry from seven bells of the old peal of twelve with new metal added, and re-hung in a new frame. The length (draught) of the ropes
was increased by lowering the floor of the ringing chamber to the level of the south aisle vault at the same time. The heaviest bell of this ring weighs 34cwt (1.72 tonnes). The ringers practice on Thursday at 7.30pm.
 
     The North West Tower (Arundel Tower) contains the cathedral’s clock chime. The five quarter chimes were taken from the old peal of twelve in the Oxford Tower (where the clock was originally), and hung from beams in the Arundel Tower. The chimes are stuck on the eighth Gregorian tone, which is also used at Merton College, Oxford. The hour is struck on Great Dunstan, the largest bell in Kent 63cwt (3.2 tonnes), which is also swung on Sunday mornings for Matins.
 
     In 1316 Prior Henry of Eastry, probably the Cathedral’s greatest single benefactor, gave a large bell dedicated to St Thomas, which weighed 71½ cwt (3.63 tonnes). Later, in 1343, Prior
Hathbrand gave bells dedicated to Jesus and St Dunstan. At this time the bells in campanile
were rehung and their names recorded as “Jesus”, “Dunstan”, “Mary”, “Crundale”, “Elphy”
(Alphege) and “Thomas”.
 
     In the great earthquake of 1382 the campanile fell, destroying the first three named bells.
Following its reconstruction, the other three bells were rehung, together with two others, of
whose casting no record remains.
 
     The oldest bell in the cathedral is Bell Harry, which hangs in a cage atop the central tower to which the bell lends its name. This bell was cast in 1635, and is struck at 8am and 9pm every day to announce the opening and closing of the cathedral respectively, and also occasionally for services as a Sanctus bell.
 
 
 
 
 
 
The Ring of Kerry – Ireland
June 25 – July 1
submitted by Lynn Penland
 
The Ring of Kerry is a route which meanders around the Iveragh Peninsula, mostly skirting the coast. 176 kilometre's in circumference, the Ring of Kerry provides insight into the ancient heritage of Ireland through Iron Age Forts, Ogham Stones, a variety of sacred sites and buildings, and a landscape carved out of rock by the last Ice Age 10,000 years ago.
Spiritual Buildings of Interest
Stone Circles - Associated with the Bronze Age, a stone circle encloses a flat piece of ground. Seven central stones are known as the seven sisters, with outlying stones known as "pipers" or "musicians". The stones were probably erected for ritual or ceremonial use.
St. Mary's Cathedral - Killarney - Building of the church commenced in 1842. It was consecrated in 1855. St. Mary's is a cruciform church with a nave and aisles, two large transepts and a central tower crowned with a spire, with simple rose windows.
 
Muckross Abbey - Founded in the 15th Century this Franciscan friary is built of local limestone. The monks of Muckross  Abbey were driven out in the 1650’s by the Cromwellian forces. Next to the abbey is a graveyard which is still used as an active burial ground. 
Franciscan Friary - Built in 1860 it is situated in Fair hill in Killarney town. It holds similar style to Muckross Abbey with a unique piece of stained glass at the entrance.
Killegy Church - Built as an 18th century reconstruction of an earlier church.
O' Connell Memorial Church - Built in memory of the late Daniel O'Connell "The Liberator" in the town of Caherciveen, and constructed of local black limestone and Newry granite.
Holy Well - Reputed to have special healing powers.
Sneem Church and Cemetery - The church of the Transfiguration built in 1810.The cemetery is a burial ground for a former Irish president- Cearbhaill O'Dalaigh.
Website sources:
 
 
 
 
 
Knowth, County Meath
week of July 4 (?)
submitted by Guyneth Dunville
 
 
 
     County Meath, located on the eastern coast of Ireland to the north of Dublin, is known as the Heritage Capitol of Ireland for several reasons.  The fertile ground along the River Boyne was the cradle of Irish civilization, supporting a sophisticated society from the Neolithic Age.  Evidence of this culture remains in the form of ring forts, megaliths and passage tombs. 
 
     These passage tombs are large mounds featuring a long corridor which enters a central chamber that was used as a burial crypt.  Knowth has the distinction of having the greatest concentration of megalithic (great stone) art and the most passage tombs (2) as well as the largest number of satellite tombs (17) which were in use for the longest period of time (circa 3000 B. C. – 1400 A. D.) in the Boyne River Valley.  These passage tombs pre-date the Great Pyramids of Giza by two thousand years.  The predominant design is carved into the limestone kerbstones and megaliths are concentric circles, spirals and parallel lines of waves and zigzags. 
     Passage tombs also marked the passage of time as sunlight and moonlight entered a window above the corridor and struck the center of the back wall of the main chamber at specific times during the lunar or solar calendars, such as the winter solstice.  The tombs at Knowth are believed to focus on the lunar calendar. 
     Later, Knowth was used as a residence by the Kings of Brega whose territory included the nearby Hill of Tara and, later still, by the Normans who established a motte (a defensive keep) there.   
      
       Works Cited:  Portrait of Ireland: Darling Kinderley Travel Guide
                              Ireland, Past and Present: R. Graglia
                              www.tripadvisor.com
                              www.countymeathtourism/TourismOverview.com
 
 
 
 
Dingle
sometime in July
submitted by Nancy Stevens
 
 
     Dingle Town is busy and colorful and lively. The dogs come and go out of the shops, restaurants and pubs just like the people do, as if they are on their daily errands. You will hear people conversing in Gaelic on any street corner, but if you ask them a question, they will switch to English to answer, then go right back to their Gaelic conversation.
 
 
     The Dingle Peninsula is 10 miles wide and 40 miles long and is the westernmost point in Ireland. From here, the locals say, the next parish is Boston (USA). Mt. Brandon, on the Dingle Peninsula, is the second tallest mountain in Ireland at 3130 feet. 
 
     Haunting reminders of Ireland’s past are evident everywhere on Dingle peninsula. Stone Age ring forts survive to the present day. Beehive huts built by monks in the middle ages still stand. The stone walls of the Gallarus Oratory, one of Ireland’s best-preserved Christian churches, are as watertight today as it was when it was built about AD 800.   The Great Blasket Islands are visible from Dunmore Head, on the western coast. They're so isolated that the inhabitants' Gaelic traditions and language survived unchanged into the 20th century. At Kilmalkedar graveyard, there's an abandoned Norman church, Christian crosses, and an ancient sundial.
 
 
Newgrange
sometime in July
submitted by Raaf Stevens
 
Newgrange is the name of one of the most spectacular tombs in Europe. It predates the Great Pyramid and is roughly 1000 years older than Stonehenge.  It is approximately 5000 years old.
 
Newgrange is an earthen mound nearly 340 feet in diameter and 36 feet tall. 250,000 tons of white quartz stones, transported from the Wicklow Mountains south of Dublin, were used in the construction of the tomb.  One of the mysteries of Newgrange is how the builders were able to bring these stones from 50 miles away.  Smaller mounds are visible in the fields surrounding the central mound.
 
The tomb has a passageway from one side that leads upward to a cruciform shaped chamber.  The passageway and the chamber are lined with stones.  The chamber is 20 feet high. Each "arm" of the cross has a stone area for the bones of the deceased. Geometric designs carved on some of the stones at the center of the chamber are another of the mysteries of Newgrange.  No one knows what the carvings symbolize.
 
The entrance to the tomb has a very uique feature.  It has an opening above the door.   For several days before the winter solstice, at dawn the sun will send its rays along the entrance passageway.  On the day of the solstice, the sun will illuminate the entire chamber for approximately 17 minutes.  This is an amazing feat considering this construction is dated 3000 years before the birth of Christ.
     
 
Blarney Stone and Castle
sometime in July
Submitted by Don Smith
 
 
The famous Blarney Castle in Ireland was built in 1446. Over the years, it has become a world landmark and one of Ireland’s most popular attractions. Many travelers believe that a trip to the medieval Blarney Castle can’t be missed; it’s on par with the Guinness Brewery and other attractions as an intrinsic symbol of Ireland and Irish heritage. It is located in Blarney Village, about 8 km northwest from Cork City in the southern Ireland.
 
The Blarney Stone is without a doubt the most famous part of Blarney Castle. Also called the legendary Stone of Eloquence, it is located at the top of the castle’s tower. Legend has it that if you kiss it, you’ll be struck with eternal eloquence and you will never be at a loss for words.
 
Blarney Castle history is an intriguing one. It was the third structure to be built on this site. The first one was a wooden structure built in the 10th century, and a stone structure replaced it in 1210 A.D. This building was torn down because of foundation problems, and the final, medieval Blarney Castle was built by Dermot McCarthy in 1446. At one time, the castle was occupied by Cormac McCarthy, King of Munster, who allegedly sent 4,000 Munster men to held Robert the Bruce at the battle of Bannockburn. According to legend, Robert the Bruce gave half of the Stone of Scone to McCarthy in gratitude, which was incorporated into the structure of the castle, becoming the Blarney Stone. The Blarney Castle history includes stories about Cromwell, Queen Elizabeth, and other famous figures, which visitors can read about during their tour of the castle.
 
 
 
 
 
 Holy Cross Abbey; County Kildare, Ireland
sometime in July
submitted by Guyneth Dunville
 
        Holy Cross Abbey is the lesser known of two religious houses founded by Cistercian monks around 1180 A. D.  It became known as Holy Cross because the monks were said to possess a sliver of the true cross (Holy Rood) which had been given to the order by the Plantagenet Queen, Isabella of Angouleme, in 1233.  As a result, the Abbey became a medieval place of pilgrimage. 
      During the Reformation it was a place of refuge for displaced persons and victims of religious persecution.  Through the years it continued to be a rallying place for those who sought religious freedom and Irish sovereignty.  For several centuries Holy Cross Abbey fell out of service as a house of worship and into ruins but remained a national tourist attraction.       It was restored and in 1969 the Sacristan of St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican provided an authenticated piece of the cross and restored the Jerusalem (Crusader) Cross to the Abbey which is once again a place of worship.
 
                                      
 
     
 
 
     
      
        The Cliffs of Moher; County Clare, Ireland
     (Aillte an Mhothair – Cliffs of the Rain)
sometime in July
submitted by Guyneth Dunville
 
        The Cliffs of Moher are one of Ireland’s most famous natural landmarks.  They are formed of the rocks which are the foundation of the island and have become the symbol of her untamed, dramatic spirit.  Rising majestically from the Atlantic Ocean for 120 meters (390 feet) at Hag’s Head at its southern origin, stretching for 8 miles to O’Brien’s Tower in the north where they reach a height of 213 meters (702 feet).  The sandstone and shale ledges form the nesting places for many kinds of birds including guillemots, shags and puffins.  On a clear day there is a breathtaking view of the Aran Isles, north to Galway and south to Clare and Kerry.  O’Brien’s Tower was built by Sir Cornelius O’Brien, a direct descendant of Brian Boru, the High King of Ireland, in order that he might impress his lady guests.
 
 
 
Kildare Cathedral, Kildare
sometime in July
submitted by Gayla Edmond
 
     Kildare is one of the oldest towns in Ireland. It originated in pre-Christian times when it was the site of a shrine to the Celtic Goddess, Brigid. It later became the site of the great Christian foundation of St. Brigid. Born in 453 A.D., St. Brigid is one of the three most famous Irish saints, along with St. Patrick and St. Columcille. A deeply religious person, even as a child, she was the first woman who engaged in church work in Ireland. One of the most important events in St. Brigid’s life was the establishment toward the end of the 5th century of a unique Christian foundation which became a flourishing center of learning with artisans, traders and tillers of the soil from the early 7th century onward. The site chosen for the location of St. Brigid’s foundation was under a large oak tree on the ridge of Drum Criadh (ridge of clay). Here, St. Brigid built her small ‘kill’ or church. It was from the church and tree that the surrounding area took its name Cill-Dara "church of the oak". This later extended to the town, county and finally diocese.
 
     The Annals of Ireland have many references to Kildare and its church during the ninth, tenth and eleventh centuries, principally relating to raids and plunderings by Vikings and native Irish alike. Reflecting the troubled times in the early Norman period, the cathedral was built for defense as well as worship, by the Norman Bishop Ralph of Bristol in 1223. The cathedral was most likely built at the site of the original pagan shrine to the goddess Brigid and the later early Christian foundation and church of St. Brigid. The cathedral continued to serve the people of Kildare down the centuries, though after the Reformation it gradually fell into disrepair and by 1641 it was totally ruined following the Confederate Wars. It was restored to its present glory in the 19th century and has in recent years undergone further restoration.
 
     Kildare Cathedral is built in the early gothic style with a square central tower. The interior has a very interesting collection of carvings ranging from early Christian to Norman and later. The finest piece in the collection is the finely carved tomb of Bishop Walter Wellesley who died in 1539.  The cathedral and its adjacent round tower reflect the style of eighth century Christian settlements.
 
     Outside the cathedral are the remains of the ancient High Cross of Kildare. During renovations carried out on the cathedral and its grounds, an ancient granite font was discovered and this was placed in the nave.
 
     In 1871 restoration work was begun as the cathedral had fallen into disrepair. Work commenced to repair the stonework, roof and floor of the nave and transepts. This was completed in 1896. More repairs were carried out to the exterior of the building in the 1980’s. Today, work is still being carried out on the cathedral to ensure the conservation of one of Ireland’s most historical ecclesiastical buildings.
 
 
 
 
Skellig Michael (Sceiligh Micheal)
Skellig Islands, coast of Kerry
submitted by Guyneth Dunville
 
          As the Celtic Gaels converted to Christianity, whole communities often deserted their home village (rath) to take up residence in a remote place and begin an ascetic life in a monastic settlement.  The site at Skellig Michael is an amazingly intact example of these settlements.  It is composed of stone beehive huts called clochons which were built to provide shelter for both people and livestock.  Pilgrims who travelled from one religious site to another were thus enabled to have a peaceful place in which to rest and pray.  These huts were built of local stone in a manner termed “corbelling” which consists of concentric, dry stacked circles placed one atop another with each succeeding circle smaller than the previous one so precisely that they are still watertight.  
 
 
Week of July 25, in the US to prepare for the Western portion of his renewal journey.
 
 
 
Fort Robinson, Nebraska
August 1-3
submitted by Martha Shriver
 
 
During Mike's travels in Nebraska, he is visiting Ft. Robinson. This fort is located in the Northwest corner of the  Nebraska State  Park system. It has a camp ground, where Mike will undoubtedly rest his head, called Soldier Creek and Red Cloud. The 22, 000 acres of  scenic Pine Ridge contained in the park suggests that we "leave nothing behind but hoof prints."

Ft Robinson was established in 1874 and named after Lt. Levi Robinson, who was killed in the same year. The initial purpose of the fort was to fight the North Cheyenne and Lakota Indian tribes. In 1877, Lakota chief Crazy Horse was slain here, resisting arrest. There is a marker commemorating him.

Between 1885 and 1898, the all Black 9th Calvary worked from here.

After 1916, Ft. Robinson became the site of a US Calvary remount station, and a major k-9 training center.

During WWII, it became a prison came for German soldiers.

In 1948, the Fort was closed and then reopened by the US government as a beef cattle research center.

In 1971, Ft Robinson was permanently closed and made into a museum with historical grounds.


Big Horn Medicine Wheel, Wyoming
early August
submitted by Barb McCune
 
 
A mysterious pattern of stones sits at the summit of Medicine Mountain, nearly 10,000 feet above the Big Horn Mountains of northern Wyoming where exists a massive medicine wheel. Covered by heavy snows for most of the year, the stone configuration reveals itself and its purpose only in the summer months.
            The stones are arranged in the shape of a wheel, 80 feet across and with 28 spokes emanating from a central cairn looking like a wagon wheel laying on its side. Oddly enough this configuration is not unique to Wyoming. Rather, hundreds of similar stone wheels exists throughout North America. Bighorn is one of the most well studied and preserved.
            The Big Horn Mountain Wheel  was significant to the Crow, Sioux, Arapano, Shoshone and Cheyenne Indians. Bits of wood found in the wheel indicates that it has been there since 1700. Researchers have determined it to have been constructed for astronomical, ritual, healing, and teaching purposes. Astronomer John Eddy suggests that a line drawn between the central cairn (the hub) and an outlying cairn points to within 1/3 degree of the rising point of the sun at the summer solstice. The wheel would thus have functioned as a calendar to mark the longest day of the year.
            A contemporary Cheyenne cultural leader states, “the tribes traditionally went and still do go to the sacred mountain. The people sought the high mountain for prayer. They sought spiritual harmony with the powerful spirits there.”  Many offerings have been left on this mountain.   A large buffalo skull once occupied the center cairn and was a place to make prayer offerings. Prayers of thanks were offered for all of creation. All of this is done so that spiritual harmony will be their constant companion throughout the year.
Submitted by Barb McCune
From “crystalinks.com/medicine wheel” and “wordpress.com/the bighorn medicine wheel”
 
 
 
 
 
Devils Tower, Wyoming
Early August
submitted by Kim Lawton
 
When Pastor Mike visits Devils Tower in Wyoming, he will be visiting the oldest United States National Monument, established on September 24, 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt. Its boundaries cover 1347 acres. There is a 1.3 mile paved trail that encircles the tower and a prairie dog town just inside the park. It is considered an inspirational place by many and is sacred to several Native American Plains tribes, including the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne and Kiowa.
Many Native American legends have been passed down through time like the one about the 7 small Indian girls that jumped up on the rock to escape a bear. They prayed to the rock to have pity on them and save them from the bear and the rock rose up from the ground out of the reach of the bear. The bear clawed at the rock and the rock rose higher and higher to the sky where the girls are said to be today as seven little stars. It is also said that the bear’s claw marks are still visible. Pastor Mike will surely be moved as he looks up at the regal stone and contemplates this legend.
The tower itself is an igneous intrusion, a column of rock hardened by molten lava that seeped long ago into a vein of sedimentary rock. It rises 1,267 feet above the surrounding pine trees and prairie grasslands. That flat top is said to be the inspiration for the  Spielberg idea of an extraterrestrials' spaceport in the movie Close Encounters of The Third Kind. Parachutists have landed on the flat top and climbers find it irresistible.
 
 If you would like to know more about this historic landmark just enter Devils Tower Wyoming in any search engine.
 
 
Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming
Mid August
submitted by Debbie Smith
 
Grand Teton National Park is located in northwestern Wyoming just south of Yellowstone National Park. The Park’s mountain range is very popular among climbers, hikers and photographers. The Tetons are an example of fault-block mountain formation. When the earth’s crust cracked along a fault millions of years ago, the Tetons rose into the sky. The exposed crystalline rocks give these mountains their dramatic appearance in any season. The Grand Teton rises to 13,770 feet above sea leave and 12 other peaks reach above 12,000 feet elevation.
 
The floor of Jackson Hole tells the story of glacial outwash-sand and boulders carried out of the Teton Mountains and the Yellowstone Plateau by glaciers and deposited on the valley floor. Interesting saucer-like depressions, called potholes, dot the outwash plain. These are thought to be the result of huge chunks of buried glacial ice melting leaving the ground above suddenly without support.
 
Sixty species of mammals, over 300 species of birds and a half dozen game fish call the Jackson Hole area home. The American elk is the most common member of the deer family in the park. During the summer, the elk range high in the mountains in search of food. When winter comes, they descend to the floor of Jackson Hole. Many migrate to the National Elk Refuge just north of the town of Jackson.
 
History
Located at the heart of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the Rockefeller Parkway connects Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks. The late conservationist and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller, Jr. mad significant contributions to several national parks including Grand Teton, Acadia, Great Smoky Mountains, and Virgin Islands.
 
In 1972 Congress dedicated a 24,000 acre parcel of land as John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway to recognize his generosity and foresight. Congress also named the highway form the south boundary of Grand Teton to West Thumb in Yellowstone in honor of Rockefeller.
 
Nature and Beauty
Located in northwestern Wyoming, Grand Teton National Park protects stunning mountain scenery and a diverse array of wildlife. During the summer, wildflowers paint meadows in vivid colors. Crystalline alpine lakes fill glacial cirques, and noisy streams cascade down rocky canyons to larger lakes at the foot of the range. These lakes, impounded by glacial debris, mirror the mountains on calm days. Running north to south, the Snake River winds its way down the valley and across this amazing scene.
 
Long, snowy, bitterly cold winters make the climate of Jackson Hole unforgiving. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Grand Teton National Park was -63 degrees F, and snow often blankets the landscape from early November to late April. Brief, relatively warn summers provide a respite from the rigors of winter and a time of renewal and rebirth. In cooperation or competition, the plants and animals adapt to this harsh climate and dramatic elevation change as each finds ways to survive.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Estes Park Horse Park, Colorado
August 2011, we're not quite sure where Pastor Mike is.
submitted by Brenna Dunville
 
     In Rocky Mountain National Park the vistas are everywhere and unending. Grassy meadows are cover in wild flowers in an unique quilt pattern. Long rivers going down the mountain stop in still pools. This living showcase of the grandeur of the Rocky Mountains, with elevations ranging from 8,000 feet in the wet, grassy valleys to 14,259 feet at the weather-ravaged top of Longs Peak, provides visitors with opportunities for countless breathtaking experiences and adventures. Research and management studies have been conducted at Rocky Mountain National Park for decades, and they are essential tools for today's park managers. Through inventory and monitoring of our park resources, scientists create baselines by which to judge changes to ecosystems over time. The Continental Divide Research Learning Center staff facilitates research in Rocky Mountain National Park. The park research administrator issues permits to scientists who inventory, monitor, and study park resources such as elk, butterflies, air quality, glaciers, and people. Other staff  translate the results of research for the park managers and public and assist with field logistics.
 
To find out more you can go to this site: http://www.estes-park.com/.
 
 
  
 
Monument Valley, Utah
September 4 - 9
submitted by Lisa and Dave Gwaltney
 
 
     One of the best sources regarding the history of the spiritual significance of 
Monument Valley, is Brad Olsen’s book “Sacred Places North America:  108 
Destinations.” Located on the Navajo Reservation in a high desert climate on the border 
of northern Arizona and southern Utah, the valley is described as one of the most 
majestic and most photographed points on earth.   According to Olson, the Anasazi 
Indians first came to Monument Valley at least 1,500 years ago, constructing cliff 
dwellings and carving mysterious petrography.   After their disappearance, the Navajos 
arrived and referred to the area as “Tse ‘Bii’Ndzisgaii which translates to “white streaks 
inside rocks”  It is considered a healing place with deep spiritual meaning.   
   
     My husband and I went to this area about five years ago on a trip to the Southwest.
One of the things that will strike Pastor Mike is the vastness of the unique environment
that consists of  beautiful, orange red formations spires with names such as the Mittens,
Totem Pole, Yei Bi Chai, and the Three Sisters.  He will also view buttes and mesas.     
Sandstone formations turn different hues of orange and crimson red as the light
hits the monoliths and spires and this is  particularly stunning at sunrise or sunset.  Olsen 
notes that transpersonal  healing experiences are often reported.  The landscape was 
formed as material eroded from the Rocky Mountains and was deposited and cemented 
into sandstone.   A geological uplift caused the surface to bulge and crack and the effects 
of wind and water erosion created gullies and canyons.
 
     Today about 300 Navajo’s live in Monument Valley carrying on ancient traditions  
and live in traditional homes called hogans which double as ceremonial centers.
 
     Olsen, B. (2008). Sacred Places North America:  108 Destinations.  2nd Edition.
  San Francisco:  CCC Publishing.  pp. 33 and 34.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Canyon de Chelly
The place called Tseyi'
submitted by Teresa Kinman
 
     The name chelly (or Chelley) is a Spanish borrowing of the Navajo word Tséyiʼ, which means "canyon" (literally "inside the rock" < tsé "rock" + -yiʼ "inside of, within").
 
     Millions of years of land uplifts and stream cutting created the colorful sheer cliff walls of Canyon de Chelly. Natural water sources and rich soil provided a variety of resources, including plants and animals that have sustained families for thousands of years. The Ancient Puebloans found the canyons an ideal place to plant crops and raise families. The first settlers built pit houses that were then replaced with more sophisticated homes as more families migrated to the area. More homes were built in alcoves to take advantage of the sunlight and natural protection. People thrived until the mid-1300’s when the Puebloans left the canyons to seek better farmlands.
 
      Descendants of the Puebloans, the Hopi migrated into the canyons to plant fields of corn and orchards of peaches. Although the Hopi permanently settled on the mesa tops, the Hopi still hold on to many of their traditions that are evident from their homes and kivas.
 
     Related to the Athabaskan people of Northern Canada and Alaska, the Navajo settled the Southwest between the four sacred mountains. The Navajo, or Dine' as they call themselves, continue to raise families and plant crops just as the “Ancient Ones” had. The farms, livestock and hogans of the Dine’ are visible from the canyon rims.
 
     Canyon de Chelly National Monument was authorized in 1931 by President Herbert Hoover in large measure to preserve the important archeological resources that span more than 4,000 years of human occupation. The monument encompasses approximately 84,000 acres of lands located entirely on the Navajo Nation with roughly 40 families residing within the park boundaries. The National Park Service and the Navajo Nation share resources and continue to work in partnership to manage this special place.
 
     Reflecting one of the longest continuously inhabited landscapes of North America, the cultural resources of Canyon de Chelly include distinctive architecture, artifacts, and rock imagery while exhibiting remarkable preservation integrity that provides outstanding opportunities for study and contemplation. Canyon de Chelly also sustains a living community of Navajo people, who are connected to a landscape of great historical and spiritual significance. Canyon de Chelly is unique among National Park service units, as it is comprised entirely of Navajo Tribal Trust Land that remains home to the canyon community. NPS works in partnership with the Navajo Nation to manage park resources and sustain the living Navajo community.
 
 
Spiro Mounds, Oklahoma
on the way back to Evansville
submitted by Jelda Hostettler
 
Located just seven miles outside of Spiro, Oklahoma, Spiro Mounds is the only prehistoric, Native American archaeological site in Oklahoma open to the public. The mounds are one of the most important Native American sites in the nation. The prehistoric Spiro people created a sophisticated culture which influenced the entire Southeast. Artifacts indicate a political system, which controlled the entire region, an extensive trade network, and a highly developed religious center. Located on a bend of the Arkansas River, the site was a natural gateway from which the Spiro people exerted their influence.
 
Various groups of people camped on or near the Spiro area over the previous 8000 years; however the location did not become a permanent settlement until A.D. 800 and was used until about A.D. 1450. During this time period, known as the Mississippian period, Spiro leaders were developing political, religious and economic ties with people from the Gulf of California to the Gulf of Mexico and from the coast of Virginia to the Great Lakes. They shared horticulture, elaborate ceremonies, mound building and an iconographic writing system with over 60 different tribes. From A.D. 900 to 1300, the leaders at Spiro Mounds thrived. The mound center declined and was eventually abandoned by A.D. 1450, although the city continued to be occupied for another 150 years. Much of the Spiro culture is still a mystery, as well as the reasons for the decline and abandonment of the site. The site remained unoccupied from A.D. 1600 until 1832. While Choctaw and Choctaw Freedmen cleared the mound site for farming late in the 1800s, they did not allow any major disturbance of the site until the Great Depression.
 
During the 1930s, commercial, and later academic, excavations revealed one of the greatest collections of artistic and utilitarian prehistoric Native American artifacts in the United States. Early looting of the site lead to laws making Oklahoma one the first states in the U.S. to preserve and scientifically research archaeological sites. The Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center opened to the public on May 9, 1978. Today the site is owned and operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society.
 
Today, the Spiro Mounds site and artifacts are among Oklahoma’s richest cultural resources. The Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center preserves 150 acres of the site, along the Arkansas River. The protected site encompasses twelve mounds, the elite village area and part of the support city. The Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center offers interpretive exhibits and an introductory slide program. There are nearly two miles of interpreted trails, as well as an archaeologist on staff to answer questions.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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